How to World Build for a Novel: When Dragons Start Filing Tax Returns

World-building is the backbone of any compelling novel, especially in genres like fantasy, science fiction, and even historical fiction. It’s the process of creating a believable, immersive universe that serves as the stage for your characters and plot. But how do you build a world that feels alive, intricate, and real? Here’s a comprehensive guide to crafting a world that readers will want to get lost in—even if it involves dragons filing tax returns.

1. Start with the Big Picture

Before diving into the minutiae, establish the broad strokes of your world. Ask yourself:

• What kind of world is it? Is it a high-fantasy realm, a dystopian future, or an alternate history?
• What are the core rules of this world? Does magic exist? Are there advanced technologies? How do these elements shape society?
• What is the geography like? Are there vast oceans, towering mountains, or sprawling cities?

For example, in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle-earth, the geography is as much a character as Frodo or Gandalf. The Shire feels cozy and safe, while Mordor is ominous and foreboding. The big picture sets the tone for everything else.

2. Develop the Culture and Society

Culture is the soul of your world. It influences how characters think, behave, and interact. Consider:

• What are the societal norms and values? Are they rigid or flexible?
• What languages are spoken? Are there dialects or slang?
• What are the political systems? Is there a monarchy, democracy, or something entirely unique?
• What are the religions or belief systems? How do they impact daily life?

In Dune by Frank Herbert, the intricate interplay of politics, religion, and ecology creates a rich tapestry that feels both alien and familiar. The spice trade isn’t just a resource—it’s a cultural and economic linchpin.

3. Create a History

A world without history feels flat. Even if your story doesn’t delve deeply into the past, knowing it will add depth. Think about:

• What major events shaped this world? Wars, revolutions, natural disasters?
• How do these events influence the present? Are there lingering tensions or unresolved conflicts?
• Are there myths or legends that characters believe in?

George R.R. Martin’s A Song of Ice and Fire series is steeped in history. The Targaryen conquest, the War of the Five Kings, and the Long Night all contribute to the world’s complexity.

4. Design the Economy and Technology

The economy and technology of your world will affect everything from daily life to global politics. Ask:

• What resources are valuable? Are they scarce or abundant?
• How do people make a living? Are there farmers, merchants, or tech moguls?
• What level of technology exists? Is it medieval, futuristic, or a mix of both?

In The Hunger Games, Suzanne Collins uses the disparity between the Capitol’s advanced technology and the districts’ poverty to highlight social inequality.

5. Establish Rules for Magic or Science

If your world includes magic or advanced science, define its rules early. Consider:

• How does magic or technology work? Are there limitations or costs?
• Who has access to it? Is it widespread or restricted to a select few?
• How does it affect the world? Does it create power imbalances or solve problems?

Brandon Sanderson’s Mistborn series is a masterclass in magic systems. Allomancy, Feruchemy, and Hemalurgy each have clear rules that shape the story and characters.

6. Populate Your World with Unique Flora and Fauna

The natural world can make your setting feel alive. Think about:

• What plants and animals exist? Are they mundane or fantastical?
• How do they interact with the environment and inhabitants?
• Are there any dangerous or magical creatures?

In Avatar: The Last Airbender, the world is filled with unique creatures like sky bison and badgermoles, which add charm and depth.

7. Focus on the Small Details

While the big picture is important, it’s the small details that make a world feel real. Consider:

• What do people eat? Are there regional cuisines?
• What are the fashion trends? Do they vary by culture or class?
• What holidays or traditions exist? How are they celebrated?

In Harry Potter, J.K. Rowling’s attention to detail—like Butterbeer, Quidditch, and the Hogwarts house system—makes the wizarding world feel tangible.

8. Show, Don’t Tell

Avoid dumping information on readers. Instead, reveal your world organically through the story. Let characters interact with their environment, and let the world influence their decisions.

For example, in The Name of the Wind by Patrick Rothfuss, the University’s bureaucracy and the currency system are revealed naturally through Kvothe’s experiences.

9. Stay Consistent

Consistency is key to maintaining immersion. Keep track of your world’s rules, history, and details. Use a notebook or digital tool to organize your notes.

10. Let the World Evolve

A static world feels lifeless. Allow your world to change and grow as the story progresses. Political shifts, technological advancements, or environmental changes can keep the world dynamic.

FAQs

Q: How much world-building is too much?
A: Focus on the aspects that directly impact your story. Overloading readers with unnecessary details can bog down the narrative.

Q: Can I borrow elements from real-world cultures?
A: Yes, but do so respectfully and thoughtfully. Avoid stereotypes and consider how these elements fit into your world.

Q: How do I make my world feel unique?
A: Combine familiar elements in unexpected ways. For example, a medieval society with advanced robotics or a futuristic world where magic is outlawed.

Q: Should I create a map?
A: If your story involves travel or geography plays a significant role, a map can be helpful for both you and your readers.

Q: How do I balance world-building with character development?
A: Let the world shape your characters and vice versa. Their experiences, beliefs, and actions should be influenced by the world they inhabit.